Expert Direction on Job Changing Methodologies
by Gary Ames - Selected writings by a professional job campaign manager.
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THE ART OF
NEGOTIATING AS A CANDIDATE

By Gary Ames

 
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EVERYTHING IS NEGOTIABLE

     The first principle of negotiation‑‑is to negotiate!  Experts in the art are fond of saying that EVERYTHING is negotiable‑‑including death and taxes.      Many people assume that salary negotiation is not really possible in large bureaucracies.  The U.S. government, for example, has a GS rating set for the job, strict salary policies which were passed into law by congress, and volumes of regulations in the Federal Register.  But even with all this we have successfully guided negotiations for job classification, salary steps within the GS rating, and dates for special salary review.

     Thus, the personnel policies and salary structures in Fortune 500 corporations should be given the same weight and esteem as the offering price for a banana in a 3rd world fruit market (where only new tourists and fools don't haggle over the price).

GO FOR IT

     So, salary, benefit, or position negotiation is always possible; but, since negotiation means conflict, is it always advisable?  Yes, definitely.  Why? You will most likely win something, something bigger than the moments of anxiety you may suffer while fearing rejection of your requests.  Moreover, your new boss will think more of you, because negotiation is an important skill in any field:  good negotiators are respected.

     There is virtually no danger with initiating negotiations.  The only problem comes from stating firm salary expectations that are too high or too low in the wrong point of the interview.  Asking for more money after an offer has been made or asking for a raise in 6 months, or an extra week of vacation this year will never cause an offer to be rescinded.  The worst that can happen is that your request will be denied; but, nothing ventured, nothing gained.

     Therefore, take heart, take courage, and go after what you want.  You aren't always going to win in negotiating but failing to negotiate is losing.  Wanting a lot and communicating a high estimate of your value will raise the image you project to others.  They will think you want this because you deserve it.

     Negotiation is largely an art but there are a few principles that are worthy of consideration.  You should take these principles and the suggestions below and mold them to your own style, and adapt the suggested phrases to your own way of speaking.

MAKE THE SALE THEN CLOSE THE DEAL

     You have crossed many hurdles in the employment process.  You’ve made it to the final stages of the second or third interview by having the employer's interest uppermost in your mind; by focusing on his needs.  You haven't been negotiating, you have been selling and gathering information to use in negotiation.  This is not enough.

     The first thing to negotiate is the job itself.  The important job description exists not in a file, but in the mind of those around and above you.  You need to be sure there is not a culture clash, a bad personality fit, and the real job is one you actually want.  Better to find out now about all the reasons not to accept an offer.  Rapport be damned, you need to know if you can live with the demands and environment.  Most people don’t loose their job because of technical skills.  It is instead a matter of fitting into the organization.  Or perhaps confidence you can convert them to your creed.  Only lots of questions and diverse exposure can give you the relevant issues and important questions you need answered.  Remember the point is to land a job that will position you for the long term.  Due diligence is your responsibility.  Remember the lament: “If I knew then, what I know now.…”

     The first principle of negotiation is to get the offer before you negotiate.  When the employer extends an offer he has made a commitment.  You must have him coming after you so that he has a stake in maintaining the offer.  Regard his offer as your starting point for negotiation.  Assume that the offer as stated, is the minimum he expects to lure you with; assume that he expects to negotiate and is willing to come up with more.

MAKE THEM AN OFFER THAT WILL BE REFUSED

     Another principle of negotiation is related to the concept of expectations and limits.  The advice that flows from this concept is to start negotiation by breaking the mind set of your adversary with wildly inflated demands, demands just this side of ludicrous.  You can always back down from a high figure or long list of perks.  The effect will be to raise the entire base of the conversation because you are lifting the lid on your adversary's expectations.  The research shows (and you can see for yourself in any 3rd world fruit market) that starting with a higher asking price and then coming down will yield a better price than the conservative tactic of asking merely for what you will accept.  If you get all you ask for, you didn't ask for enough‑‑and then it's too late. KNOWLEDGE IS POWER     Perry Mason said that a good lawyer never asks a question in court that he doesn't know the answer to.  It is important for you to spend time researching the compensation practices of the company and the industry before you are asked your desired salary.

     There are a variety of ways to do this.  First, there are a number of published salary surveys.  We have several in the library including:  The Almanac of Jobs and Salaries, Top Management and Middle Management Reports by the Executive Compensation Service, the Occupational Outlook Handbook, The Encyclopedia of Careers, and articles from the National Business Employment Weekly.

     Another resource for salary and benefit information is executive search firms.  Create a relationship or use any relationships you have developed with a headhunter in your field.  Source Finance and Source EDP will hand you a salary survey for their specialties.

     A strong advantage of networking is that your contact may be able to tell you the salary range of the position. Sometimes even an anonymous call to the personnel department will yield the desired information. NEGOTIATION = PERSUASION

     Since winning in negotiation is another sales job, the third principle embodies the results of sales research.  Of prime importance is to present logical arguments.  Also important is to listen carefully and make an effort to understand your adversaries concerns.  The basics of sales effectiveness are to: show enthusiasm, give evidence of your effectiveness with accomplishments, be concise, prepare effective responses to objections, and maintain eye contact.  Basic confidence in what you are selling (your future work) is more important than any clever negotiation retort.

     Successful negotiators who win concessions have knack for making their needs sound quite reasonable.  The adversary thinks; `For a person of his status, this is the expected thing.'  Winning sympathy for your situation is a talent that is hard to teach.  Think back over your experiences and recall people who engendered this feeling in you.  Recall their words and their style.  Take an experimental approach to your own behavior and try a few of the methods in casual situations.  How can you make it easy for the other person to have empathy for your situation?  How can you phrase your needs to seem reasonable?  Discover what works for you in winning sympathy and getting the other party to make concessions.

GIVING TO GET

     Each party in negotiation has two lists, a get list and give list.  That's four lists.  When enough important items mesh, a deal is struck.  Some of the items are tangible and openly discussed such as salary and job descriptions.  Most items on each party's list are gathered during the interview or assumed to exist.  Your get list contains the following:

1.   Interesting, challenging and meaningful work.

2.   Growth on the job and advancement opportunities.

3.   Title, power, responsibility, status, and prestige.

4.   Regular feedback and evaluation including recognition and approval for good work.

5.   Fairness in treatment; a safe, legal, ethical and business‑like environment.

6.   Friendly co‑workers, congenial interactions.

7.   Job security

8.   Salary

9.   Benefits and perks

(Not necessarily in that order.)

The employers expectations include:

1.   Applies technical skill to tasks at hand.

2.   Learns the job in a reasonable period of time.

3.   Creative in solving new problems.

4.   Works productively alone, with others and in groups.

5.   Able to plan and organize work efforts for self and others.

6.   Can supervise and direct others.

7.   Good use of time, money, and resources.

8.   Makes responsible decisions; exercises good judgment.

9.   Places company demands over personal prerogatives.

10.  Conforms to company and group customs and makes an effort to fit in.

11.  Takes on company values and helps maintain good public image.

     Many of these factors are not tangible, they are psychological.  The only job you would want to have, is one where there is a good fit or good psychological contract.  A company doesn't really want the "best possible person with the best qualifications", it wants a good fit.  You don't want a job way over your head or far under your capabilities.  The match is everything.

     Since both you and the employer have very long lists of items to get and things you are willing to give, it is possible to trade off certain items.  For example you may increase the salary in return for enlarging the job description.  You may forego current salary for incentive compensation.  The important advice here is to communicate:  describe your get list priorities and what you are willing to give.  If someone is more important to you than to them, you have the opportunity for mutually beneficial exchange.

     Now that we have some basic principles let's explore some sample situations and conversations.

DEFER SALARY DISCUSSIONS: 
DUCK AND PARRY

     For an employer trying to price an unknown commodity, a good indication of a person's occupational worth is what a person has been or is currently being paid.  Thus the popularity of, "What are you currently earning?"  The question is fraught with peril for you.  You could screen yourself out of the job, drop thousands of dollars of potential salary increase with your response, or you could rupture your career with a lie.  Employers can learn your current salary by asking to see your payment stub or W‑2 form.  There are agencies which specialize in making background checks.  Even simple verification of your employment through the Personnel Department could reveal your true earnings.  Misrepresentation for the purpose of inducing an inflated contractual offer is called fraud.

     Defer and delay salary questions as long as possible.  It is seldom to your advantage to answer the current salary question directly and many candidates successfully avoid it completely.  The important exception is for search firms who must know you to sell you.  For employers here are some suggested answers to the question, "What are your current earnings," which avoid a numerical answer.

     If it is still early in the interview process you can say something like, "Salary is an important consideration but I'd like to hammer out what the job is all about first.  What are the most important parts of the job description and how will they change over time?"  Or, use some other question to deflect discussion of salary.  You may prefer something like, "Yes, I want to talk about compensation too.  What are the company benefits?"

     Another strategy is to dash the question and start on a new tack.  "My current earnings are irrelevant to what I can do for you here.  What has happened to the people who have held this job in the past?"

     Beware of cat and mouse with, "Yes, I will tell you my current salary, will you tell me the salary range for this position?"

     Another approach uses a bit of humor to get the message across.  "Well I'm doing well enough to keep my wife in the tennis club and keep my cruiser full of gas.  I'm here to continue and advance my success."

     If the chemistry is right totally honest response might be appropriate.  "In all fairness, if you were in my position would you want to talk about your salary at this stage?"

PRICE YOURSELF FOR ME    

The strategy for avoiding the current earning question is the same as another nemesis.  "What kind of money are you looking for?"  In the best possible response to this question you will discover the salary range for the position.  This is a three part tactic:

Step 1.  Start with a distraction or trial close.  A distraction could be the prime criteria you initially set for your next position.  A trial close could be "Does this mean we have finished discussing everything else and are beginning to design an offer?"  Or, "Where are we, in negotiation?  If we agree on compensation are you prepared to offer me the position?"

Step 2.  Whether positive or negative, break in with a question to distract them from the issue.  Such as, I'm primarily interested in the right position at the right company."  Or, "Salary is certainly important, but I haven't settled on any single figure as the magic number."  Or, "We seem to have a good fit between my qualifications and your requirements."

Step 3.  Then complete the tactic with, "Since you brought it up, what is the salary range for this position?" IF YOU MUST

     Most employers will eventually insist on learning your current income.  When you must reveal your salary, quote a range with salary only at the bottom, and salary plus 25% to include items from the compensation mix such as:  the value of stock options, your raise this year, incentive compensation, and a certain number of dollars for special perks, etc., and expected bonuses but not standard benefits.  If you learn that the figure you named is too high you can retreat by explaining the basis of your calculations.

     When all else fails and you can no longer withhold your current salary or salary requirements, you still have some more tactics.  One tactic helps you recover from stating a number that is too high or too low.  The trick is to backpedal about whether the figure you named was just base salary or the value of the total package with salary plus bonuses, incentives, ESOP, etc.

     When asked how much you want, respond with something in the abstract.  "A position like this ought to be worth between $XX,000 and ($XX,000 + 20%)."  Go ahead and be optimistic about the salary range.  Then determine from the interviewer whether this is too high or too low.  Now backpedal if necessary with, "Were you talking package or base?  The numbers I just stated were base (if too low) or package (if too high).  To that we would have to add/subtract the full range of benefits."

     You may wish to say something like, "How much are you looking for," is to quote a source.  "The Executive Compensation Report says the salary range for a position like this, in this size company, is $XX,000‑‑is that accurate?"

SALARY NEGOTIATION FORMULA

Let us assume that the salary range for a position is 50% above the bottom of the range.  Thus a job that starts at $40K will go as high as $60K.  An offer usually is expressed at the bottom of the range.  You can retort that you are looking for a position in the $50K to $70K range.  Thus you have set up a negotiation range in the $50K to $60K zone.  The formula is employers range equals bottom plus 50%; the range of your expectation equals that midpoint plus the spread between the employers high and low.

DON'T SELL YOURSELF TO DEATH

     Don't get the idea from all these phrases and tactics that you will ever want to use more than one or two of them.  Beware of talking too much after the company is sold on you.  There is often a point where silence is required on your part, a golden evaluative silence in which a positive decision occurs.

RESPONDING TO AN OFFER:

     When an offer is made, wait for all the terms to be stated.  Clarify anything you aren't sure of.  Know the immediate take home pay and all relevant details:  assumptions are dangerous.

     There are several successful ways to reply to the first offer to win more money on the spot.  Realize that the first offer is the minimum with which they hope to win you.  Basically the idea is to get them to come up with more money or benefits immediately with very little negotiation.  Here are three methods.

     ‑THE DIRECT APPROACH

     A strong negotiation position is a wonderful thing.  When a salary figure is mentioned, make a direct statement such as, "That’s not enough, I need more than that."  Then shut up, because the next one to speak, loses something in the negotiation.  Or, if it is true, you may flatly state, "Look, frankly, I was earning $XX,000 in my previous job and I’m here to advance my career."  Another version is to say, "I have another offer for $XX,000.  I prefer this position, and you people, but I don't want it to cost me $X,000.  (Don't BS this one, it could come around and bite you.)

     ‑THE TWO THOUSAND DOLLAR POUT

     If you have steel nerves you may put on little act when you hear the amount of the offer.  Appear a little shocked, furrow your brow, look hurt and disappointed, purse your lips, and look down at the floor.  Ham it up with a sigh, a slight nodding of the head, and a hard swallow.  Say with your body, not your mouth, that you are really sorry but you aren't going to be able to live on that amount.  Within 30 seconds of silence you may win a few thousand dollars more.

     ‑TOGETHER

     If you have established a good rapport with the interviewer you may want to try the mutual problem‑solving approach.  Express your opinion that the salary is a bit low and begin to talk about your needs in a way that sounds very reasonable.  End your last sentence with, "...Jethro, what can we do about that?"

     ‑YES,BUT

     The most common and safest approach is to thank the interviewer very much for the offer.  Then express outward enthusiasm for the company, the interviewer, the job, the future potential, the co‑workers‑‑everything, everything but the immediate take home pay.   Ask for a specific percentage increase, "Can the salary be raised 10%?"

     This can even be used after the methods described above to get more and then more again.  Your adversary may not be able to come up with more money on the spot, he may have to reflect or talk with others.  A phone call in a couple of days may come with all the money you asked for.

     Now you are in the heart of salary negotiations.  Your priorities are to settle 5 items:

1.   Salary,

2.   Special benefits such as incentives and perks,

3.   Starting date,

4.   Salary review date, and

5.   How long do you have to accept the offer.

     Early salary reviews mean a raise that much sooner.  Item 5 is of utmost importance.  You want a long time to "think" about the offer before making such an important commitment.  Your hidden purpose is to garner other offers, but say, "I'd like to have a week or two to think about the offer.  It's an important move for me and of course my family will have to be involved."  Or, try saying, "I've promised my family a vacation for well over a year.  I'll have an answer when I return."  Now it is time to hurry up the other companies you are interested in.

     It happens so often that there must be a corollary of Murphy's Law which states:  the less desirable job offer arrives first, while a better offer is pending.  You will probably have to wrestle with the question:  is a skinny bird in the hand worth more than a fat one in the bush?  There are, of course, many individual factors to consider.

     It is certainly appropriate to inform the fat bird that:  You have another offer, that it will expire, that you prefer this company, and hope they can decide to make you an attractive offer quite soon.  Telling the skinny bird the truth can be done to beg for more time, but runs the risk of communicating that you consider them to be your second choice.

     There are many factors to consider in knowing the full force of your bargaining position.  Is there another candidate?  How desperate are they for someone to come in and fill this spot very soon?  How long has the company been looking?  Has the position recently been offered to someone else and refused?

     Only reject an offer when you are certain that you have the job you want.  It is extremely important to reject an offer very carefully.  After all, anything can happen‑‑as soon as you reject the offer, they may counter with more money.  They may offer another position more attractive than the first‑‑if not now, then sometime in the future.  And, as always, the people you deal with today could be your co‑workers tomorrow. ONE CAVEAT

     A word of caution should be included about over‑negotiation.  It is rare, but, you could win so much that resentment will hamper your future progress.  Resentment could linger, allies may be lost.

     Ideally you will have a number of offers simultaneously.  This may seem like a happy prospect but, in truth, is agonizing.  Most often, people wisely choose the offer with the best money.  There are clearly many more factors which may override immediate take home pay.  Different potential jobs are difficult to evaluate because so much is unknown and your professional career is riding on your decision.  Eventually your decision will be your first impressions plus later inclinations and the cumulative weights of various factors. It will ultimately be intuitive.  Prepare for the inner sorting and shuffling with a complete array of information on your alternatives.  Use the Position Rating Form for each potential position.


POSITION RATING FORM

Instructions:  For most items rate with:

     A:  quite good;

     B:  good enough;

     C:  not great.

     You may use + and ‑ if you want.  Use plenty of specific notes wherever possible, i.e. compensation numbers, annotations on compatibility, gut reaction, etc.

     Next, rate the capitalized headings for each group with the same scale as above.

     Finally, after considering and weighing all factors, arrive at an overall rating and place it here ______.

Company:

Company size:

Title:

Job description:

     COMPENSATION_____

__________salary

__________take home pay

____rewards for merit and achievement

____benefits, fringes

____perks

_________hours per week: weekends, nights?

____stress/pace: too high, to low

     SECURITY________

____stability of job

____integrity of company

____stability/growth of company & industry

____Would you invest money in this company?

     PHYSICAL_______

________commute time

________commute cost/month

____location

____relocation?

____pleasant environment

____travel requirements: % away, ,miles/week

____safety

     CAREER ISSUES_____

____opportunity for income growth

____career advancement potential

____prestige of job

____accountability

____status of department

____reputation of company

____learning opportunity

____make and maintain contacts with colleagues

____state of art resources

     COMPATIBILITY_____

____boss: task‑oriented/people‑oriented, can delegate, competent

____associates

____subordinates

____social environment: congenial, stimulating

____company culture: uses of power, laid back, neurotic

____values, benefit society

____family impact

     THE WORK_______

____uses my skills and strengths

____challenge

____responsibility

____clarity of objectives

____supervisory tasks

____feedback, approval

____degree structure

____creative opportunities

____variety of tasks

____flexibility of execution

____see whole process

____decision making/control

____chance to exercise leadership

____give & receive recognition

                        BENEFITS AND PERKS_____

medical insurance

life insurance

pension plan

educational assistance

dental insurance

optometric insurance

moving assistance

country club, society memberships

physical exams (stress, cv. etc.)

holiday, vacation

sales commissions

deferred compensation

company stock

stock options

incentive pay

performance shares

accelerated salary reviews

cash bonuses

low interest loan

profit sharing

company car/car expenses

personal secretary

tax counsel, legal services

investment‑fund management

outplacement assistance

employment contract

guaranteed minimum period of employment

guaranteed severance package

     GUT FEELING______

____future fantasy: envision a few years in the future.

____somatic/emotional reaction: For a full minute, imagine clearly being at work, doing your job as you expect it might be; then sense your body's reaction.

____Light bulb test: place this option in your mind's eye‑‑how brightly does it light up?

 

The following excerpt is from the Book of Perks by James Baehler.  It has some good insights on how negotiating strategy is translated into conversation. EARNING YOUR PERKS THROUGH NEGOTIATION

"Pete has a wish list of perks that includes the following, in order of priority:

1.   A company car

2.   An annual performance bonus

3.   Three weeks vacation

4.   Options on $50,000 worth of company stock

5.   A $50,000 loan for five years at 5% interest

6.   First‑class air travel

7.   Membership in a health club

     Is Pete going to get all that he asks for?  Probably not, but he's going to get a lot more than if he waits to be told what perks come with the job.  What he must guard against is asking for so much that he is regarded as greedy or unrealistic, or so little that the boss gets suspicious ("If I can buy this guy so cheap, there must be something wrong with him").  Pete will be negotiating with the company president and must evaluate his new boss to assess what the boss can and cannot do within his authority.  He must also accurately judge how fervently he is wanted, remembering the call‑girl rule: "Something is always worth more before its purchase than after."  Once he accepts the new job and delivers his body, his negotiating strength will have all but vanished.

     Pete will conduct his negotiations in a spirit of good humor and with an attitude of apparent reasonableness.  He will strive to create the impression that he is eager to tackle his new responsibilities but that he must consider his future and his family's well‑being in a business‑like way.  The negotiations might go something like this:

THE NEGOTIATION

Company president:  Pete, I'd like to confirm the information I'm sure you received from our personnel manager, we're pleased to offer you the job of director of advertising. 

Pete:  Thank you, sir, and I am eager to get to work and implement some of the ideas we discussed in past meetings.  Before we discuss my starting date I'd like to come to an understanding about my compensation package.  ["I'm not going to commit myself to the job until I know all the details."]

Pres.:  That sounds like a good idea.  Pete, we'd like you to start with a salary of $50,000 per year and, of course, you'll be immediately eligible for our extensive medical benefits and our pension plan.  You'll have two weeks vacation and after five years you'll be eligible for an additional week.  How does that sound to you?

Pete:  To be honest, sir I had thought your offer might be a bit more attractive.  I'm currently making $43,000 and I'm scheduled for a merit increase next month.  ["Not true, but there's no way he can check."]  On that basis, $50,000 is not enough to persuade me to change companies.

Pres.:  I see.  We'll I'd be interested in your thoughts on a salary that would be attractive to you.  But I have to say that we must keep the salary for this job in line with similar positions in the company.

Pete:  ["Horsefeathers! There are no similar jobs within the company and, even if there were, I'm not similar to anyone else in the company.  If you want to get a top‑flight advertising guy you are going to have to pay for it, whether it's me or someone else."]  Mr. Jones, I want to emphasize that I consider the job you've described as crucial to the marketing effort of your company.  Unless your new director of advertising knows what he is doing, your revenue is going to suffer, no matter how hard the sales force works.  Would you agree with that?  ["Let's not forget, this is a job that directly affects the sales and earnings of the company."]

Pres.:  Yes, I would agree with that.

Pete:  Fine.  Now a job like that should have a salary commensurate with its importance.  I think the position warrants a salary of $65,000 a year.  ["I'm taking a chance starting this high.  He might be put off and look for someone else, but I think he'd prefer to negotiate."]

Pres.:  Good Heavens!  Pete, we could never pay that much for a director of advertising.  Why, some of our vice presidents don't make that much.  We might be able to go a little higher than $50K, but we couldn't approach what you're asking.

Pete:  ["What do I care what your vice presidents are making!  Your offer of $50K was too low and I countered with a bid that was too high.  Now let's bargain!"] Mr. Jones, I like the challenge and opportunity that your company offers, but $50,000 does not seem adequate for the responsibilities of the position.  ["The ball is in your court."]

Pres.:  Pete, I think I can understand how you feel, and because we do want you with us I think we might be able to start you out at $55,000.  How does that sound to you?

Pete:  ["It sounds fine to me but I'm not going to let you know it."]  Mr. Jones, $55,000 might be acceptable, provided other items were part of the package.

Pres.: What other items?

Pete:  I've given the matter considerable thought and I'd like to propose this.  Since my salary needs could not be met, I would like to have a company car, a loan of $50,000 for five years at 5‑percent interest, a 10,000 annual performance bonus, options of $50,000 worth of company stock, three weeks vacation, first‑class air travel, and membership in a health club.  ["I'm taking a chance that he'll be offended and walk away, but if he does, I can be happy staying where I am.  Let's see how badly he wants me."]

Pres.:  Pete, there's no way in the world wee can agree to that list of perks.  I realize the salary we offer is not what you were thinking of, but you're just asking for too much."

Pete:  ["Of course I'm asking for too much.  Now we'll find out how much you're willing to give."]  Well I don't necessarily agree that I'm asking for more than a comparable job would offer at another company, but what do you think would be equitable?  ["You do want to be fair about this, don't you?  Hardly.  You want to buy me as cheaply as possible, but you want to give the appearance of fairness."]

Pres.:  Suppose we do this.  I'll agree to the first‑class air travel, the health club, and the three weeks vacation.  How does that sound?

Pete:  ["It sounds lousy.  I want something that puts money in my pocket."]  Those items are nice, Mr. Jones, but they are all intangible benefits.  I need some items to make up for the $10,000 of salary I agree to give up.  ["It's always nice to give up something you never had, especially when it puts the other guy at a disadvantage."]

Pres.:  Pete, I just don't know how I can offer at more than I have.

Pete:  Don't forget, Mr. Jones, if I leave my present company, I lose considerable money that has been placed in a profit‑sharing program by my company.  If I stay another three years I will be fully invested in that entire amount.  ["It only comes to a few thousand dollars so far but, once again.  He doesn't know that."]  That is why I am asking for the stock options and the loan.

Pres.:  Pete, the stock options are just not possible, those are reserved for vice presidents and up.  I may be able to do something on the loan.  Suppose we agree to the loan as you described it ‑- but it would have to be fully paid up at the end of five years.

Pete:  That would be acceptable, Mr. Jones, it seems that all we have left to discuss is the performance bonus and the company car.  ["I haven't yet put any real money into my pocket."]  Let me ask you to consider this:  There won't be any relocation expenses involved if I join your company, which may not be the case if you have to find someone else.  ["A reminder that he may have to start this whole process over again ought to shake him up a little."]  I know you've tried to be equitable during our negotiations and I appreciate that.  I want to be reasonable about this also.  You'll be saving more on reallocation expenses, and I need some cash to make up for the lower salary.  I won't insist on both the performance bonus and the company car.  I'll let you decide which one I should have.  ["It's a forced choice.  Heads I win: tails you lose."]

Pres.:  Pete, the performance bonus is out of the question.  If I provided if for you, every manager in the company would be after me for the same benefits.  Perhaps, I can authorize a company car on the basis that you need to travel quite a bit to meet with our sales people and the ad agencies we do business with.  I'll see that you get the car if you'll agree to all the other parts of the package.

Pete:  ["Congratulations, you finally made an offer of your contingent on my doing something.  Your negotiating skills are improving, but it's a little late."]  That would be fine, Mr. Jones.  We've got ourselves a deal.  Let me just summarize to make sure we're clear on the details.  The starting salary is $55,000 a year.  In addition, I receive the use of a company car, a $50,000 loan at 5‑percent interest payable in full at the end of five years, three week vacation, first‑class air travel, and membership in the health club.

Pres.:  You know those last two items may cause some problems.  I think we need some guidelines there.  I would ask that the first‑class air travel be restricted to flights two hours or more and that the health club fee not exceed $500 per year.

Pete:  That is fine with me, Mr. Jones.  I am looking forward to starting with your company just as soon as possible. 

Pres.:  Pete, we're glad to have you with us, and if you do your job as well as you've negotiated today, we're all going to be very happy.

Pete:  Thank you, sir.

     

Aside from Pete's successful effort to secure the salary and perks he wanted, the most interesting aspect of this type of negotiation is that both sides develop respect for one another.  Pete has learned that his new boss values Pete's services and is willing to listen to reason when presented with reasonable arguments.  The boss has developed respect for Pete's business acumen, for knowing the value of his services and not settling for less.  Each party knows the other is serious about his work and is not hesitant to protect his legitimate interests.  The basis for a mutually satisfying business relationship has been established."

SEW IT UP

     After all of the negotiation has taken place, you must make sure that you have a contract that is mutually agreed upon.  You should suggest that the company send you a letter outlining the details of the offer including all pertinent points.  A letter is important to insure your position in case things start to fall through.  God forbid, but the person you negotiated with could have an accident, a merger could throw the company in a turmoil.  Any of a dozen things could happen for which you need a letter (which is a contract) as insurance.  Say that you will call after you receive the offer in the mail.

     If you want to include some of the other things that were discussed, but not included in the company's letter, your response should be a letter of acceptance.  Once a letter is received and not responded to, it constitutes confirmation of an oral contract, which is legally binding. 

 
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